Discussions about decriminalising or even legalising certain narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances have gained much momentum in recent years and, on the surface, it appears that more and more jurisdictions are exploring the introduction of mechanisms to permit, albeit in very controlled ways, the use of some narcotic drugs, if only for medical purposes. Others further argue that the so-called ‘war on drugs’ has failed to produce any meaningful successes and that new ways to prevent the abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances need to be explored. However, many if not most jurisdictions continue to impose complete bans on the production, trade, and consumption of illicit drugs and also point out that any moves to decriminalise narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is inconsistent with international law. 

In 2021-2022, participants in the Transnational Organised Crime programme explored the full spectrum of ideas and experiences with the legalisation and decriminalisation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as relevant international legal frameworks, selected national systems, and the many arguments for and against legalisation and decriminalisation internationally.